Position of the European Parliament…recommending that the European Parliament only consent to the agreements if Vietnam releases its political prisoners and takes further steps to improve the human rights situation.
Background and state of play
The EU hopes that its free trade agreement (FTA) and investment protection agreement (IPA) with Vietnam will boost trade and investment; the agreements are also an important stepping stone to the EU’s longer-term goal of a region-to-region EU-Southeast Asia trade deal. Vietnam, a fast-growing and competitive economy whose bilateral trade with the EU has quintupled over the past ten years, is equally keen on the deal, which could potentially bring €15 billion a year of additional exports to the EU by 2035.
Negotiations lasted from 2012 to December 2015. Doubts over the correct ratification procedure (see below) have delayed progress, but the European Commission now hopes that the FTA at least will come into effect early in 2020.
Content of the agreement
The European Commission has described the FTA as the most ambitious free trade deal ever concluded with a developing country:
- near complete removal of tariff barriers: elimination of over 99% of customs duties on exports in both directions;
- reduction of non-tariff barriers: Vietnam will align more closely with international standards on motor vehicles and pharmaceuticals. As a result, EU products (which already comply with these standards) will not require additional Vietnamese testing and certification procedures. Vietnam will also simplify and standardise customs procedures;
- EU access to Vietnamese public procurement: EU companies will be able to compete for Vietnamese government contracts (and vice-versa);
- improved access to Vietnamese service markets: the FTA will make it easier for EU companies to operate in the Vietnamese postal, banking, insurance, environmental and other service sectors;
- promoting sustainable development: the FTA includes commitments to implement International Labour Organization core standards (for instance, on freedom to join independent trade unions — potentially a momentous change as Vietnam does not at present have any such unions) and UN conventions (for instance, on combatting climate change and protecting biodiversity);
- investment access: Vietnamese manufacturing sectors such as food, tyres, and construction materials will open up to EU investment;
- investment protection: the IPA establishes an Investment Tribunal and Appeal Tribunal to resolve disputes between EU investors and Vietnamese authorities (and vice-versa).
Criticisms of the agreement
Vietnam is a politically repressive state. The Communist Party has a monopoly of power and there are no independent media. No dissent is tolerated and criticism of the government is punished by lengthy jail sentences. If anything, the situation has deteriorated recently: according to Amnesty International, in May 2019 there were nearly 130 prisoners of conscience – far more than in previous years. In view of this worrying development, in November 2019, 18 European and Vietnamese NGOs called for the Parliament to postpone its consent for the FTA/IPA; according to them, the EU will lose most of its leverage to secure meaningful improvements to the human rights situation once the agreements enter into force.
Status of the procedure to adopt the agreement
The FTA and IPA were initially negotiated as a single text, but in 2018 the EU and Vietnam decided to split them, following the approach chosen for the trade and investment agreements with Singapore. The FTA covers exclusive EU competences, and can therefore be ratified by the EU alone, without involving the Member States. The IPA covers non-direct (‘portfolio’) investment and investor-state dispute settlement mechanisms: these are shared competences, on which the EU shares decision-making powers with Member States, meaning that the agreement must also be ratified by them. The two texts were signed by the EU and Vietnam in Hanoi on 30 June 2019.
The next step will be for the European Parliament to give its consent. On 16 October 2019, the Parliament published rapporteur Jan Zahradil’s draft recommendations for the FTA and IPA. The Parliament’s timetable is as follows:
2-3 December: International Trade (INTA) Committee debate on proposed amendments to the rapporteur’s recommendations;
21 January 2020: INTA Committee vote on the recommendations;
February 2020: vote on the recommendations and consent at the Parliament’s plenary session.
Assuming the Parliament gives its consent in February, the FTA will come into force one month after Vietnam and the EU have notified each other that legal procedures have been completed. The IPA will still have to be ratified by all Member States; judging by the precedent of the EU-Vietnam Partnership and Cooperation Agreement, for which Member State ratification took over three years, this could be quite a lengthy process.
Position of the European Parliament
The draft texts of the INTA Committee outline the economic benefits of the agreements, and recommend that the Parliament consent to them. The opinions of the DEVE and PECH committees, which will also be reflected in the final text, are also generally positive. These documents mention Vietnam’s commitments under the FTA to ratifying fundamental ILO conventions and improving labour rights. On the other hand, the AFET/DROI opinions are much more critical, recommending that the European Parliament only consent to the agreements if Vietnam releases its political prisoners and takes further steps to improve the human rights situation.
On 10 December 2019, Jan Zahradil resigned as rapporteur, after accusations that his role in the Federation of Vietnamese Associations in Europe could lead to a conflict of interest. He was replaced by Geert Bourgeois.
References:
- European Parliament, AFET Opinion on the draft Council decision on the conclusion of the Free Trade Agreement between the European Union and the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam
- European Parliament, AFET Opinion on the draft Council decision on the conclusion, on behalf of the Union, of the Investment Protection Agreement between the European Union and its Member States, of the one part, and the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam, of the other part
- European Parliament, Legislative Observatory, Procedure file 2018/0356(NLE) (FTA)
- European Parliament, Legislative Observatory, Procedure file 2018/0358(NLE) (IPA)
- European Parliament, Resolution of 17 April 2014 on the state of play of the EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement, 2013/2989(RSP)
- European Parliament, Resolution of 15 November 2018 on Vietnam, notably the situation of political prisoners, (2018/2925(RSP))
- European Commission, EU-Vietnam trade and investment agreements (authentic text as of August 2018)
- European Commission, Guide to the EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement, 2016
- European Commission, The Economic Impact of the EU – Vietnam Free Trade Agreement, 2018
- European Commission, Trade Sustainability Impact Assessment on EU-ASEAN FTA, Annex on Vietnam, 2013
- European Commission, Human Rights and Sustainable Development in EU-Vietnam Relations with specific regard to the EU-Vietnam FTA, 2016
Further reading:
- European Parliament, EPRS, EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement, Briefing, October 2018
- European Parliament, EXPO, An EU-Vietnam FTA within sight, more on the horizon, In-Depth Analysis, March 2015
- Ramon Tremosa, 32 MEPs send a joint letter to Mrs Mogherini and Commissioner Malmström to ask for more Human Rights progress in Vietnam, 2018
- Amnesty International, Viet Nam: New research reveals 128 prisoners of conscience, 2019
For further information: Martin Russell, legislative-train@europarl.europa.eu
As of 20 December 2019
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