Chuyên mục: Phát triển bền vững – Sustainable development

Global Risks Report 2025: Conflict, Environment and Disinformation Top Threats

~ Đào Thu Hằng ~ Bình luận về bài viết này

Reliefweb.int

Full report https://www.weforum.org/publications/global-risks-report-2025/

World Economic Forum, public.affairs@weforum.org

  • State-based armed conflict emerges as the top immediate risk for 2025, identified by nearly a quarter of respondents, reflecting heightened geopolitical tensions and fragmentation globally.
  • Misinformation and disinformation lead the short-term risks and may fuel instability and undermine trust in governance, complicating the urgent need for cooperation to address shared crises.
  • Environmental risks dominate the 10-year horizon, led by extreme weather events, biodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse.
  • Read the Global Risks Report 2025 here and join the conversation using #Risks25. Follow the Annual Meeting here and on social media using #WEF25

Geneva, Switzerland, 15 January 2025 – The 20th edition of the World Economic Forum’s Global Risks Report, released today, reveals an increasingly fractured global landscape, where escalating geopolitical, environmental, societal and technological challenges threaten stability and progress. While economic risks have less immediate prominence in this year’s survey results, they remain a concern, interconnected with societal and geopolitical tensions.

State-based armed conflict is identified as the most pressing immediate global risk for 2025, with nearly one-quarter of respondents ranking it as the most severe concern for the year ahead.

Misinformation and disinformation remain top short-term risks for the second consecutive year, underlining their persistent threat to societal cohesion and governance by eroding trust and exacerbating divisions within and between nations. Other leading short-term risks include extreme weather events, societal polarization, cyber-espionage and warfare.

Environmental risks dominate the longer-term outlook, with extreme weather events, biodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse, critical change to Earth systems and natural resources shortages leading the 10-year risk rankings. The fifth environmental risk in the top 10 is pollution, which is also perceived as a leading risk in the short term. Its sixth-place ranking in the short term reflects a growing recognition of the serious health and ecosystem impacts of a wide range of pollutants across air, water and land. Overall, extreme weather events were identified prominently as immediate, short-term and long-term risks.

The long-term landscape is also clouded by technological risks related to misinformation, disinformation and adverse outcomes of AI technologies.

“Rising geopolitical tensions and a fracturing of trust are driving the global risk landscape” said Mirek Dušek, Managing Director, World Economic Forum. “In this complex and dynamic context, leaders have a choice: to find ways to foster collaboration and resilience, or face compounding vulnerabilities.”

Fractured systems, fragile futures

The report, which draws on the views of over 900 global risks experts, policy-makers and industry leaders surveyed in September and October 2024, paints a stark picture of the decade ahead. Respondents are far less optimistic about the outlook for the world over the longer term than the short term. Nearly two-thirds of respondents anticipate a turbulent or stormy global landscape by 2035, driven in particular by intensifying environmental, technological and societal challenges.

Over half of respondents expect some instability within two years, reflecting the widespread fracturing of international cooperation. Long-term projections signal even greater challenges as mechanisms for collaboration are expected to face mounting pressure. Societal risks such as inequality and societal polarization feature prominently in both short- and long-term risk rankings. Rising concerns about illicit economic activity, mounting debt burdens and the concentration of strategic resources highlight vulnerabilities that could destabilize the global economy in the coming years. All these issues risk exacerbating domestic instability and eroding trust in governance, further complicating efforts to address global challenges.

All 33 risks in the ranking increase in severity score over the longer term, reflecting respondents’ concerns about the heightened frequency or intensity of these risks as the next decade unfolds.

“From conflicts to climate change, we are facing interconnected crises that demand coordinated, collective action,” says Mark Elsner, Head of the Global Risks Initiative, World Economic Forum. “Renewed efforts to rebuild trust and foster cooperation are urgently needed. The consequences of inaction could be felt for generations to come.”

A decisive decade: Collaboration as the key to stability

As divisions deepen and fragmentation reshapes geopolitical and economic landscapes, the need for effective global cooperation has never been more urgent. Yet, with 64% of experts anticipating a fragmented global order marked by competition among middle and great powers, multilateralism faces significant strain.

However, turning inward is not a viable solution. The decade ahead presents a pivotal moment for leaders to navigate complex, interconnected risks and address the limitations of existing governance structures. To prevent a downward spiral of instability – and instead rebuild trust, enhance resilience, and secure a sustainable and inclusive future for all – nations should prioritize dialogue, strengthen international ties and foster conditions for renewed collaboration.

Links to other visuals and graphics

– Current Risk Landscape – 2025

– Global risks ranked by severity- 2 years

– Global Risks ranked by severity – 10 years

– Short and long-term global outlook

– Global risks landscape an interconnections map

About the Global Risks Report
The Global Risks Report is the World Economic Forum’s flagship publication on global risks, now in its 20th edition. Produced by the Global Risks Initiative at the Forum’s Centre for the New Economy and Society, the report leverages insights from the Global Risks Perception Survey, which draws on the views of over 900 global leaders across business, government, academia and civil society. The report identifies and analyses the most pressing risks across immediate, short- and long-term horizons, aiming to equip leaders with foresight to address emerging challenges. It serves as a key resource for understanding the evolving global risk landscape and fostering collective action to build a more resilient future.

For more information, visit the Global Risks Initiative and read the full report here.

Hiện trạng ba dự án tỷ USD ở huyện Đông Anh

~ Trần Đình Hoành ~ Bình luận về bài viết này

Mặt bằng hai trong ba khu đất để xây dự án tỷ USD ở Đông Anh cơ bản đã sạch, một khu còn nhiều đất nông nghiệp chưa giải phóng mặt bằng.

Vị trí ba dự án tỷ USD (màu vàng) sắp xây dựng tại huyện Đông Anh. Đồ họa: Hoàng Khánh

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How Wolves Change Rivers

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25 years after returning to Yellowstone, wolves have helped stabilize the ecosystem

New research shows that by reducing populations and thinning out weak and sick animals, wolves have a role in creating resilient elk herds.

National Geographic

a half eaten carcass and six wolves behind it

Wolves and black-billed magpies scavenge at a dump where carcasses are stored in Yellowstone National Park.

PUBLISHED JULY 10, 2020

LARAMIE, WYOMINGTwenty-five years after gray wolves returned to Yellowstone National Park, the predators that some feared would wipe out elk have instead proved to be more of a stabilizing force. New research shows that by reducing populations and thinning out weak and sick animals, wolves are helping create more resilient elk herds.

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New investigation casts doubt on a Singapore-listed palm oil giant’s green claims

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ICIJ.org

Interviews with former workers by ICIJ partner The Gecko Project reveal new links between First Resources, the billionaire family that owns it, and a trio of companies that have reportedly cleared more forest for palm oil than any other firm in Southeast Asia.

By Scilla Alecci November 20, 2023

Deforested land in a New Borneo Agri company’s concession in East Kalimantan province, in September 2023.

In public statements, First Resources says it is committed to producing the palm oil that ends up in major Western brands’ cosmetics, foods and biofuel in a manner that doesn’t deplete natural resources and protects wildlife and the environment.

But an investigation by nonprofit newsroom The Gecko Project reveals how First Resources’ majority shareholders, the billionaire Fangiono family, have breached their company’s pledge of “sustainable” production by secretly controlling companies that environmental analysts found had cleared large areas of rainforest in Indonesia.

The investigation in collaboration with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists also spotlights a loophole in the Singapore Exchange’s reporting rules that allows listed companies to publish so-called sustainability reports, without requiring that an independent firm audits the company’s green claims.

The findings are part of Deforestation Inc., a cross-border investigation led by ICIJ that exposed how a lightly regulated sustainability industry overlooks forest destruction and human rights violations when granting environmental certifications. Deforestation Inc. showed how major companies increasingly use certifications based on flawed audits to advertise products and operations as compliant with environmental standards, labor laws and human rights, misinforming shareholders as well as customers.

In a press release, First Resources said that in 2022 it recorded “its best performance” financially since listing on the Singapore exchange with $1.2 billion in revenues. In the sustainability report it published on its website, the company assured investors and customers that its supply chain is “transparent” and that it “encourages” its suppliers to adhere to its environmental standards.

The examination of First Resources’ practices by The Gecko Project appears to contradict the company’s statements.

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Nhóm ‘nhặt sạn định kiến giới trong sách giáo khoa Tiếng Việt’ đoạt giải nhất Hội thi Sáng kiến Giới

~ Đào Thu Hằng ~ Bình luận về bài viết này

tamviet.tienphong.vn 30/09/2023 | 20:02

TPO – Chiều 30/9, Khoa Giới và Phát triển tại Học viện Phụ nữ Việt Nam đã tổ chức trao giải mùa thứ 3 cho Hội thi Sáng kiến Giới. 

Cụ thể, chiều 30/9, Khoa Giới và Phát triển tại Học viện Phụ nữ Việt Nam, đơn vị tổ chức Dự án “Thanh niên tham gia thay đổi định kiến giới, thúc đẩy bình đẳng giới tại Việt Nam”, đã trao giải mùa thứ 3 cho Hội thi Sáng kiến Giới.

https://image.tienphong.vn/w1000/Uploaded/2023/tpuokbj/2023_09_30/screen-shot-2023-09-30-at-182854-2973.png
Tiến sĩ Nguyễn Tuấn Minh, đại diện Ban tổ chức trao giải cho sinh viên.

Buổi Lễ được dẫn dắt bởi TS. Dương Kim Anh, Phó Giám đốc Học viện Phụ nữ Việt Nam và Trưởng Khoa Giới và Phát triển, cùng ông Đào Ngọc Ninh, Phó viện trưởng Viện Tư vấn Phát triển Kinh tế Xã hội Nông thôn và Miền núi (CISDOMA). Sự kiện diễn ra trong không khí phấn khích của chuỗi hoạt động chào mừng tân sinh viên khóa K11 và kỷ niệm 8 năm thành lập Khoa Giới & Phát triển.

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Countries are still falling short in developing textbooks free of gender-based stereotypes

~ Đào Thu Hằng ~ Bình luận về bài viết này

UNESCO.org Global Education Monitoring Report

2020 Gender Report DOWNLOAD PDF

The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action called on countries to develop curricula, textbooks and teaching aids free of gender-based stereotypes for all levels of education, including teacher training

Textbooks can perpetuate stereotypes by associating certain characteristics with particular groups. Inappropriate images and descriptions can make students from non-dominant backgrounds feel misrepresented, misunderstood, frustrated and alienated.

Textbooks are powerful factors in construction of gender identities. They transmit knowledge and present social and gender norms, shaping the world view of children and young people. Gender norms and values not only shape attitudes and practices but also influence aspirations and dictate expected behaviours and attributes for males and females (Heslop, 2016). In some contexts, textbooks are the first – and sometimes only – books a young person reads, and so can have a lasting impact on their perceptions. That means that, through textbooks, discriminatory norms and values can be challenged. Strategic objective B.4 of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action called on countries to develop curricula, textbooks and teaching aids free of gender-based stereotypes for all levels of education, including teacher training, in cooperation with all concerned – publishers, teachers, public authorities and parents’ associations.

WOMEN ARE UNDER-REPRESENTED IN TEXTBOOKS

In many countries, girls and women are under-represented in textbooks, and when they are included, they are depicted in traditional roles. In Afghanistan, women were almost completely absent from grade 1 textbooks published in the 1990s. Since 2001, they have been represented more frequently, but usually in passive and domestic roles, shown as mothers, caregivers, daughters and sisters. They are mostly represented as dependent, with teaching being the only career open to them (Sarvarzade and Wotipka, 2017). A review of 95 primary and secondary compulsory education textbooks in the Islamic Republic of Iran showed that women accounted for 37% of images. About half the images showing women were related to family and education, while work environments appeared in less than 7%. There were no images of women in about 60% of Farsi and foreign language textbooks, 63% of science textbooks and 74% of social science textbooks (Paivandi, 2008).

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Định kiến giới ngay trong sách giáo khoa ảnh hưởng gì đến học sinh?

~ Đào Thu Hằng ~ Bình luận về bài viết này

thanhnien.vn 02/05/2023 17:03 GMT+7

Hàng ngàn học sinh nói sách giáo khoa mang định kiến giới khi nam giới thường gắn với công việc được cho rằng có địa vị cao, trong khi nghề nghiệp của nữ giới có địa vị thấp hơn hoặc chỉ đóng vai trò phụ tá.

Nghề nghiệp của nam giới thường có địa vị cao

Khi khảo sát gần 7.000 học sinh về định kiến giới ở trường học, tổ chức Saigon Children’s Charity (saigonchildren) và Viện Nghiên cứu quản lý phát triển bền vững (MSD) cho hay phần lớn học sinh nói sách giáo khoa thường gắn nhân vật nam với các công việc đòi hỏi sức mạnh hoặc kỹ thuật cao, chẳng hạn như bác sĩ, cảnh sát, luật sư và kỹ sư. Ngược lại, nhân vật nữ thường liên quan đến hoạt động giáo dục hoặc chăm sóc như giáo viên, nội trợ, y tá hoặc thư ký.

Trong sách giáo khoa, nghề nghiệp của nam giới thường có địa vị cao - Ảnh 1.
Ghi nhận của học sinh về việc làm của các nhân vật trong sách giáo khoa, theo báo cáo của tổ chức Saigon Children’s Charity và Viện Nghiên cứu quản lý phát triển bền vững

“Những địa vị được miêu tả dành riêng cho hai giới trong sách giáo khoa hàm chứa định kiến, với phần lớn các nghề nghiệp do nam giới đảm nhận là những việc có địa vị cao, trong khi các nghề nghiệp được khắc họa dành cho nữ giới có địa vị thấp hơn hoặc nữ giới chỉ đảm nhận vai trò là phụ tá cho ngành nghề của nam giới”, nhóm nghiên cứu nhấn mạnh trong báo cáo công bố ngày 27.4.

Với kết quả khảo sát như trên, nhóm nghiên cứu chỉ ra rằng việc thể hiện các nghề nghiệp khác nhau trong sách giáo khoa dựa trên giới tính có thể ảnh hưởng đáng kể đến lựa chọn nghề nghiệp và vai trò trong xã hội của học sinh, đặc biệt ở Việt Nam, nơi vai trò giới và thứ bậc xã hội truyền thống vẫn còn ảnh hưởng mạnh mẽ đến kỳ vọng của xã hội.

Điều này cũng ảnh hưởng đến nguyện vọng chọn ngành của nữ sinh, khi các em có thể tự cho rằng khả năng của bản thân bị giới hạn trong một số ngành nghề được cho là “phù hợp” với giới tính, hoặc không có hứng thú để tìm hiểu về các lĩnh vực khác, chẳng hạn như khoa học, công nghệ, kỹ thuật và toán học (STEM).

Trong sách giáo khoa, nghề nghiệp của nam giới thường có địa vị cao - Ảnh 2.
Ở chủ đề về nghề nghiệp tương lai trong sách giáo khoa tiếng Anh lớp 12 chương trình hiện hành, nam giới gắn với công việc bác sĩ, kỹ sư, còn nữ giới là giáo viên, phục vụ

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Home – Ngôi nhà Trái đất

~ Đào Thu Hằng ~ Bình luận về bài viết này

Home –  là một bộ phim tài liệu bởi đạo diễn Yann Arthus-Bertrand, ra mắt vào ngày 5/6/2009 nhân Ngày môi trường thế giới. Bộ phim được quay trong vòng 18 tháng, tại 54 quốc gia, với một chiếc máy quay Cineplex & tốn chi phí 12 triệu USD. Bộ phim khắc họa nguồn gốc và đa dạng sự sống trên Trái Đất cũng như mối đe dọa từ các hoạt động của con người tới sự cân bằng sinh thái Trái Đất. Phim lập kỷ lục công chiếu trên hơn 50 quốc gia trên các kênh truyền hình và Youtube

How much progress is being made on the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals?

~ Đào Thu Hằng ~ Bình luận về bài viết này

weforum.org

A slowdown in progress on key areas is putting the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals 'in peril'.

A slowdown in progress on key areas is putting the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals ‘in peril’.

  • Multiple global crises continue to put the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals ‘in peril’, the UN says.
  • Its 2023 update report shows a significant reversal of progress in key areas such as child vaccination rates and income inequality between countries.
  • These challenges will be the focus of the World Economic Forum’s Sustainable Development Impact Meetings on 18-22 September 2023.

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development was adopted by all United Nations’ (UN) member states in 2015. “A shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future”, it is based on 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which the UN describes as an urgent call for action. The organization says that ending global poverty requires focusing on strategies that reduce inequality and spur economic growth, while also tackling climate change.

The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2022 painted a worrying picture of progress in almost all areas, but the 2023 update delivers an even graver warning: “The promises enshrined in the SDGs are in peril,” the UN states. This year marks the halfway point to the 2030 Agenda deadline, increasing global urgency to ignite progress.

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As Ocean Oxygen Levels Dip, Fish Face an Uncertain Future

~ Đào Thu Hằng ~ Bình luận về bài viết này

e360.yale.edu

Atlantic bluefin tuna, shown feeding on a school of herring, have been driven into narrower layers of water by oxygen declines.
Atlantic bluefin tuna, shown feeding on a school of herring, have been driven into narrower layers of water by oxygen declines. MARKO STEFFENSEN / ALAMY STOCK PHOTO

Global warming not only increases ocean temperatures, it triggers a cascade of effects that are stripping the seas of oxygen. Fish are already moving to new waters in search of oxygen, and scientists are warning of the long-term threat to fish species and marine ecosystems.

BY NICOLA JONES • MAY 11, 2023

Off the coast of southeastern China, one particular fish species is booming: the oddly named Bombay duck, a long, slim fish with a distinctive, gaping jaw and a texture like jelly. When research ships trawl the seafloor off that coast, they now catch upwards of 440 pounds of the gelatinous fish per hour — a more than tenfold increase over a decade ago. “It’s monstrous,” says University of British Columbia fisheries researcher Daniel Pauly of the explosion in numbers.

The reason for this mass invasion, says Pauly, is extremely low oxygen levels in these polluted waters. Fish species that can’t cope with less oxygen have fled, while the Bombay duck, part of a small subset of species that is physiologically better able to deal with less oxygen, has moved in.

The boom is making some people happy, since Bombay duck is perfectly edible. But the influx provides a peek at a bleak future for China and for the planet as a whole. As the atmosphere warms, oceans around the world are becoming ever more deprived of oxygen, forcing many species to migrate from their usual homes. Researchers expect many places to experience a decline in species diversity, ending up with just those few species that can cope with the harsher conditions. Lack of ecosystem diversity means lack of resilience. “Deoxygenation is a big problem,” Pauly summarizes.

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UN chief hails SE Asia for vital role ‘building bridges of understanding’

~ Đào Thu Hằng ~ Bình luận về bài viết này

news.un.org

UN Secretary-General António Guterres adresses the media at the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Summit in Jakarta, Indonesia.

UN Indonesia/Lufty Ferdiansyah

UN Secretary-General António Guterres adresses the media at the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Summit in Jakarta, Indonesia.

Peace and Security

Amid rising geopolitical tension, Southeast Asia is fulfilling a “vital role in building bridges of understanding” worldwide said the UN chief on Thursday.

António Guterres was speaking in Jakarta, Indonesia, at the opening of the ASEAN-United Nations Summit, addressing Member States of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and declaring “our partnership is more important than ever.”

Tests ‘as far as eye can see’

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EU CORPORATE SUSTAINABILITY REPORTING DIRECTIVE (CSRD): THE WHY, HOW & IMPACT ON VIETNAM

~ Đào Thu Hằng ~ Bình luận về bài viết này

sustainablevietnam.com September 5, 2023

EU Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD): The Why, How & Impact on Vietnam

By Christina Ameln, Sustainability Strategist and Advisor –

The EU’s Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) is the most ambitious reporting directive putting climate, nature and social impacts (non-financial) equal to financial reporting. While it might seem as a regulation aimed exclusively at companies in the EU, the impact will be wide-reaching. Non-EU companies will also feel the impact, including in Vietnam. The potential significance of this regulation on Vietnamese companies, investments and especially Vietnam’s supply chain cannot be ignored.

For us to understand the impact, let’s review the:

  • EU Green Deal;
  • Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD);
  • European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS);
  • Impact on Vietnam with a focus on company, investors and value chain with suppliers as the focus; and
  • How this is not just about compliance but how organizations will put sustainability strategically front and center.

EU Ambitions: Green Deal

Let’s take a step back to understand where this all originates. In 2020, the European Commission launched its ambitious European Green Deal. The goal is to become the first climate-neutral continent by 2050. And among other sustainability related goals, the Green Deal aims to reduce Europe’s greenhouse gas emissions by 2030.

But the EU cannot do it alone.

Market participants, such as corporates to financial market players, play an important role in achieving and contributing to these targets in shifting away from an economy that encourages carbon-intensive business to one that drives transformation to a zero-carbon society. There is also the question of funding: According to the EU Commission, Europe will need an estimated EUR 350 billion in additional investment per year over this decade to meet its 2030 emissions-reduction target in energy systems alone, alongside the EUR 130 billion it will need for other environmental goals.

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Intersectional Gender Context Assessment of the Plastic Value Chain in Viet Nam

~ Đào Thu Hằng ~ Bình luận về bài viết này

Download full report here weforum.com

Rapid economic progress in Viet Nam has been accompanied
by a huge increase in consumption and, as a result, waste –
particularly plastic waste. It is estimated that Viet Nam’s
post-consumer plastic waste will rise by 36% from 2018 levels
by the year 2030. 1 Despite major commitments from the
government, business and civil society, plastic waste leakage
into the country’s water bodies is expected to increase by
106% between 2018 and 2030, to 373,000 tonnes per year.2
The intersectional gender context assessment report on
the plastic value chain in Viet Nam is an initiative under
the framework of the NPAP Viet Nam. Its aim is to highlight
the gender and inclusion gaps and inequalities that exist
throughout the plastic value chain, which can inform the
development of gender-responsive and inclusive policy
options for addressing plastic waste pollution in Viet Nam.
Executive summaryGender Context Assessment of the Plastic Value Chain in Viet Nam
6

World Bank: Social Sustainability in Development – Meeting the Challenges of the 21st Century

~ Trần Đình Hoành ~ Bình luận về bài viết này
Thumbnail Image

Abstract

All development is about people: the transformative process to equip, link, and enable groups of people to drive change and create something new to benefit society. Development can promote societies where all people can thrive, but the change process can be complex, challenging, and socially contentious. Continued progress toward sustainable development is not guaranteed. The current overlapping crises of COVID-19, climate change, rising levels of conflict, and a global economic slowdown are inflaming long-standing challenges—exacerbating inequality and deep-rooted systemic inequities. Addressing these challenges will require social sustainability in addition to economic and environmental sustainability. Social Sustainability in Development: Meeting the Challenges of the 21st Century seeks to advance the concept of social sustainability and sharpen its analytical foundations. The book emphasizes social sustainability’s four key components: social cohesion, inclusion, resilience, and process legitimacy. It posits that •Social sustainability increases when more people feel part of the development process and believe that they and their descendants will benefit from it. •Communities and societies that are more socially sustainable are more willing and able to work together to overcome challenges, deliver public goods, and allocate scarce resources in ways perceived to be legitimate and fair so that all people may thrive over time. By identifying interventions that work to promote the components of social sustainability and highlighting the evidence of their links to key development outcomes, this book provides a foundation for using social sustainability to help address the many challenges of our time.

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CLIMATE INEQUALITY REPORT 2023, FAIR TAXES FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH

~ Đào Thu Hằng ~ Bình luận về bài viết này

World Inequality Database

The climate crisis has begun to disrupt human societies by severely  affecting the very foundations of human livelihood and social organisation. Climate impacts are not equally distributed across the world: on average,  low- and middle-income countries suffer greater impacts than their richer counterparts. At the same time, the climate crisis is also marked by significant inequalities within countries. Recent research reveals a high concentration of global greenhouse gas emissions among a relatively small fraction of the population, living in emerging and rich countries. In addition, vulnerability to numerous climate impacts is strongly linked to income and wealth, not just between countries but also within them.

The aim of this report is twofold. It endeavours first to shed light on these various dimensions of climate inequality in a systematic and detailed analysis, focusing on low- and middle-income countries in particular. It then builds on these insights, together with additional empirical work and interviews with experts, to suggest pathways to development cooperation,and tax and social policies that tackle climate inequalities at their core.

Full report: https://wid.world/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/CBV2023-ClimateInequalityReport-2.pdf