Pope Francis on Monday deplored the desperate humanitarian situation of Palestinians in Gaza and called for an immediate ceasefire and the freeing of hostages in his Christmas message.
Thẻ: Religion
List of Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church (in order of Age)
TĐH: Vietnam has two cardinals – Phạm Minh Mẫn and Nguyễn Văn Nhơn. Both are non-electors because both are over 80. Non-elector cardinals don’t participate in the conclave to choose new pope.
List of Cardinals in order of Age
Source: Vatican.va
Graph: Distribution of Cardinal electors and non-electors
| Name | Date of Birth | Type | Created by | Country | Continent | ||||
| DO NASCIMENTO Card. Alexandre | 01-03-1925 | Non-Elector | St. John Paul II | Angola | Africa | ||||
| KARLIC Card. Estanislao Esteban | 07-02-1926 | Non-Elector | Benedict XVI | Argentina | South America | ||||
| WAMALA Card. Emmanuel | 15-12-1926 | Non-Elector | St. John Paul II | Uganda | Africa | ||||
| LANGA Card. Júlio Duarte | 27-10-1927 | Non-Elector | Francis | Mozambique | Africa | ||||
| WETTER Card. Friedrich | 20-02-1928 | Non-Elector | St. John Paul II | Germany | Europe | ||||
| SIMONI Card. Ernest | 18-10-1928 | Non-Elector | Francis | Albania | Europe | ||||
| BRANDMÜLLER Card. Walter | 05-01-1929 | Non-Elector | Benedict XVI | Germany | Europe | ||||
| KITBUNCHU Card. Michael Michai | 25-01-1929 | Non-Elector | St. John Paul II | Thailandia | Asia | ||||
| MAIDA Card. Adam Joseph | 18-03-1930 | Non-Elector | St. John Paul II | United States of America | North America | ||||
| WILLIAMS Card. Thomas Stafford | 20-03-1930 | Non-Elector | St. John Paul II | New Zealand | Oceania | ||||
| HERRANZ Card. Julián | 31-03-1930 | Non-Elector | St. John Paul II | Spain | Europe | ||||
| POUPARD Card. Paul | 30-08-1930 | Non-Elector | St. John Paul II | France | Europe | ||||
| DE GIORGI Card. Salvatore | 06-09-1930 | Non-Elector | St. John Paul II | Italy | Europe | ||||
| PUJATS Card. Jānis | 14-11-1930 | Non-Elector | St. John Paul II | Latvia | Europe | ||||
| RUINI Card. Camillo | 19-02-1931 | Non-Elector | St. John Paul II | Italy | Europe | ||||
| SEBASTIANI Card. Sergio | 11-04-1931 | Non-Elector | St. John Paul II | Italy | Europe | ||||
| MUREŞAN Card. Lucian | 23-05-1931 | Non-Elector | Benedict XVI | Romania | Europe | ||||
| SARAIVA MARTINS Card. José, C.M.F. | 06-01-1932 | Non-Elector | St. John Paul II | Portugal | Europe | ||||
| ZEN ZE-KIUN Card. Joseph, S.D.B. | 13-01-1932 | Non-Elector | Benedict XVI | Cina | Asia | ||||
| STAFFORD Card. James Francis | 26-07-1932 | Non-Elector | St. John Paul II | United States of America | North America | ||||
| ROSALES Card. Gaudencio Borbon | 10-08-1932 | Non-Elector | Benedict XVI | Philippines | Asia | ||||
| RUBIANO SÁENZ Card. Pedro | 13-09-1932 | Non-Elector | St. John Paul II | Colombia | South America | ||||
| ARINZE Card. Francis | 01-11-1932 | Non-Elector | St. John Paul II | Nigeria | Africa | ||||
| MARTINO Card. Renato Raffaele | 23-11-1932 | Non-Elector | St. John Paul II | Italy | Europe | ||||
| FELIX Card. Kelvin Edward | 15-02-1933 | Non-Elector | Francis | Antilles | Central America | ||||
| KASPER Card. Walter | 05-03-1933 | Non-Elector | St. John Paul II | Germany | Europe | ||||
| SANDOVAL ÍÑIGUEZ Card. Juan | 28-03-1933 | Non-Elector | St. John Paul II | Mexico | North America | ||||
| ERRÁZURIZ OSSA Card. Francisco Javier | 05-09-1933 | Non-Elector | St. John Paul II | Chile | South America | ||||
| FARINA Card. Raffaele, S.D.B. | 24-09-1933 | Non-Elector | Benedict XVI | Italy | Europe | ||||
| AGNELO Card. Geraldo Majella | 19-10-1933 | Non-Elector | St. John Paul II | Brazil | South America | ||||
| RE Card. Giovanni Battista | 30-01-1934 | Non-Elector | St. John Paul II | Italy | Europe | ||||
| PHAM MINH MÂN Card. Jean-Baptiste | 05-03-1934 | Non-Elector | St. John Paul II | Vietnam | Asia | ||||
| MONTERISI Card. Francesco | 28-05-1934 | Non-Elector | Benedict XVI | Italy | Europe | ||||
| CANTALAMESSA Card. Raniero, O.F.M. Cap. | 22-07-1934 | Non-Elector | Francis | Italy | Europe | ||||
| CORDES Card. Paul Josef | 05-09-1934 | Non-Elector | Benedict XVI | Germany | Europe | ||||
| RODÉ Card. Franc, C.M. | 23-09-1934 | Non-Elector | Benedict XVI | Slovenia | Europe | ||||
| VILLALBA Card. Luis Héctor | 11-10-1934 | Non-Elector | Francis | Argentina | South America | ||||
| BERTONE Card. Tarcisio, S.D.B. | 02-12-1934 | Non-Elector | St. John Paul II | Italy | Europe | ||||
| DARMAATMADJA Card. Julius Riyadi, S.I. | 20-12-1934 | Non-Elector | St. John Paul II | Indonesia | Asia | ||||
| LAJOLO Card. Giovanni | 03-01-1935 | Non-Elector | Benedict XVI | Italy | Europe | ||||
| RIGALI Card. Justin Francis | 19-04-1935 | Non-Elector | St. John Paul II | United States of America | North America | ||||
| ABRIL y CASTELLÓ Card. Santos | 21-09-1935 | Non-Elector | Benedict XVI | Spain | Europe | ||||
| MAHONY Card. Roger Michael | 27-02-1936 | Non-Elector | St. John Paul II | United States of America | North America | ||||
| OKOGIE Card. Anthony Olubunmi | 16-06-1936 | Non-Elector | St. John Paul II | Nigeria | Africa | ||||
| ROUCO VARELA Card. Antonio María | 20-08-1936 | Non-Elector | St. John Paul II | Spain | Europe | ||||
| LÓPEZ RODRÍGUEZ Card. Nicolás de Jesús | 31-10-1936 | Non-Elector | St. John Paul II | Dominican Republic | Central America | ||||
| ANTONELLI Card. Ennio | 18-11-1936 | Non-Elector | St. John Paul II | Italy | Europe | ||||
| SARR Card. Théodore-Adrien | 28-11-1936 | Non-Elector | Benedict XVI | Senegal | Africa | ||||
| BAČKIS Card. Audrys Juozas | 01-02-1937 | Non-Elector | St. John Paul II | Lithuania | Europe | ||||
| ASSIS Card. Raymundo DAMASCENO | 15-02-1937 | Non-Elector | Benedict XVI | Brazil | South America | ||||
| PORCO TICONA Card. Toribio | 25-04-1937 | Non-Elector | Francis | Bolivia | South America | ||||
| MARTÍNEZ SISTACH Card. Lluís | 29-04-1937 | Non-Elector | Benedict XVI | Spain | Europe | ||||
| FITZGERALD Card. Michale Louis, M. Afr. | 17-08-1937 | Non-Elector | Francis | Great Britain | Europe | ||||
| VEGLIÒ Card. Antonio Maria | 03-02-1938 | Non-Elector | Benedict XVI | Italy | Europe | ||||
| ROMEO Card. Paolo | 20-02-1938 | Non-Elector | Benedict XVI | Italy | Europe | ||||
| COCCOPALMERIO Card. Francesco | 06-03-1938 | Non-Elector | Benedict XVI | Italy | Europe | ||||
| MONTEIRO de CASTRO Card. Manuel | 29-03-1938 | Non-Elector | Benedict XVI | Portugal | Europe | ||||
| NGUYÊN VĂN NHON Card. Pierre | 01-04-1938 | Non-Elector | Francis | Vietnam | Asia | ||||
| BOCOS MERINO Card. Aquilino, C.M.F. | 17-05-1938 | Non-Elector | Francis | Spain | Europe | ||||
| AMATO Card. Angelo, S.D.B. | 08-06-1938 | Non-Elector | Benedict XVI | Italy | Europe | ||||
| TAMKEVIČIUS Card. Sigitas, S.I. | 07-11-1938 | Non-Elector | Francis | Lithuania | Europe | ||||
| SUÁREZ INDA Card. Alberto | 30-01-1939 | Non-Elector | Francis | Mexico | North America | ||||
| QUEVEDO Card. Orlando B., O.M.I. | 11-03-1939 | Non-Elector | Francis | Philippines | Asia | ||||
| O’BRIEN Card. Edwin Frederick | 08-04-1939 | Non-Elector | Benedict XVI | United States of America | North America | ||||
| DZIWISZ Card. Stanisław | 27-04-1939 | Non-Elector | Benedict XVI | Poland | Europe | ||||
| DAL CORSO Card. Eugenio, P.S.D.P. | 16-05-1939 | Non-Elector | Francis | Angola | Africa | ||||
| TONG HON Card. John | 31-07-1939 | Non-Elector | Benedict XVI | Cina | Asia | ||||
| BRADY Card. Seán Baptist | 16-08-1939 | Non-Elector | Benedict XVI | Ireland | Europe | ||||
| MENICHELLI Card. Edoardo | 14-10-1939 | Non-Elector | Francis | Italy | Europe | ||||
| TOPPO Card. Telesphore Placidus | 15-10-1939 | Non-Elector | St. John Paul II | India | Asia | ||||
| RAÏ Card. Béchara Boutros, O.M.M. | 25-02-1940 | Non-Elector | Benedict XVI | Lebanon | Asia | ||||
| VALLINI Card. Agostino | 17-04-1940 | Non-Elector | Benedict XVI | Italy | Europe | ||||
| ARIZMENDI ESQUIVEL Card. Felipe | 01-05-1940 | Non-Elector | Francis | Mexico | North America | ||||
| FEROCI Card. Enrico | 27-08-1940 | Non-Elector | Francis | Italy | Europe | ||||
| BALDISSERI Card. Lorenzo | 29-09-1940 | Non-Elector | Francis | Italy | Europe | ||||
| TOMASI Card. Silvano Maria | 12-10-1940 | Non-Elector | Francis | Italy | Europe | ||||
| WUERL Card. Donald William | 12-11-1940 | Non-Elector | Benedict XVI | United States of America | North America | ||||
| ZUBEIR WAKO Card. Gabriel | 27-02-1941 | Non-Elector | St. John Paul II | Sudan | Africa | ||||
| NAPIER Card. Wilfrid Fox, O.F.M. | 08-03-1941 | Non-Elector | St. John Paul II | South Africa | Africa | ||||
| PIAT Card. Maurice, C.S.Sp. | 19-07-1941 | Non-Elector | Francis | Mauritius | Africa | ||||
| STELLA Card. Beniamino | 18-08-1941 | Non-Elector | Francis | Italy | Europe | ||||
| SCOLA Card. Angelo | 07-11-1941 | Non-Elector | St. John Paul II | Italy | Europe | ||||
| EZZATI ANDRELLO Card. Ricardo, S.D.B. | 07-01-1942 | Non-Elector | Francis | Chile | South America | ||||
| FREZZA Card. Fortunato | 06-02-1942 | Non-Elector | Francis | Italy | Europe | ||||
| JIMÉNEZ CARVAJAL Card. Jorge Enrique, C.I.M | 29-03-1942 | Non-Elector | Francis | Colombia | South America | ||||
| BASSETTI Card. Gualtiero | 07-04-1942 | Non-Elector | Francis | Italy | Europe | ||||
| BLÁZQUEZ PÉREZ Card. Ricardo | 13-04-1942 | Non-Elector | Francis | Spain | Europe | ||||
| RIVERA CARRERA Card. Norberto | 06-06-1942 | Non-Elector | St. John Paul II | Mexico | North America | ||||
| GHIRLANDA Card. Gianfranco, S.I. | 05-07-1942 | Non-Elector | Francis | Italy | Europe | ||||
| MIGLIO Card. Arrigo | 18-07-1942 | Non-Elector | Francis | Italy | Europe | ||||
| ROSA CHÁVEZ Card. Gregorio | 03-09-1942 | Non-Elector | Francis | El Salvador | Central America | ||||
| SALAZAR GÓMEZ Card. Rubén | 22-09-1942 | Non-Elector | Benedict XVI | Colombia | South America | ||||
| BERTELLO Card. Giuseppe | 01-10-1942 | Non-Elector | Benedict XVI | Italy | Europe | ||||
| RAVASI Card. Gianfranco | 18-10-1942 | Non-Elector | Benedict XVI | Italy | Europe | ||||
| VINGT-TROIS Card. André | 07-11-1942 | Non-Elector | Benedict XVI | France | Europe | ||||
| RODRÍGUEZ MARADIAGA Card. Óscar Andrés, S.D.B. | 29-12-1942 | Non-Elector | St. John Paul II | Honduras | Central America | ||||
| BAGNASCO Card. Angelo | 14-01-1943 | Non-Elector | Benedict XVI | Italy | Europe | ||||
| CALCAGNO Card. Domenico | 03-02-1943 | Non-Elector | Benedict XVI | Italy | Europe | ||||
| DUKA Card. Dominik, O.P. | 26-04-1943 | Non-Elector | Benedict XVI | Czeck Republic | Europe | ||||
| SEPE Card. Crescenzio | 02-06-1943 | Non-Elector | St. John Paul II | Italy | Europe | ||||
| VERSALDI Card. Giuseppe | 30-07-1943 | Elector | Benedict XVI | Italy | Europe | ||||
| COMASTRI Card. Angelo | 17-09-1943 | Elector | Benedict XVI | Italy | Europe | ||||
| D’ROZARIO Card. Patrick, C.S.C. | 01-10-1943 | Elector | Francis | Bangladesh | Asia | ||||
| SANDRI Card. Leonardo | 18-11-1943 | Elector | Benedict XVI | Argentina | South America | ||||
| YEOM SOO JUNG Card. Andrew | 05-12-1943 | Elector | Francis | Korea | Asia | ||||
| ZERBO Card. Jean | 27-12-1943 | Elector | Francis | Mali | Africa | ||||
| CIPRIANI THORNE Card. Juan Luis | 28-12-1943 | Elector | St. John Paul II | Peru | South America | ||||
| ONAIYEKAN Card. John Olorunfemi | 29-01-1944 | Elector | Benedict XVI | Nigeria | Africa | ||||
| BARRETO JIMENO Card. Pedro Ricardo, S.I. | 12-02-1944 | Elector | Francis | Peru | South America | ||||
| LACUNZA MAESTROJUÁN Card. José Luis, O.A.R. | 24-02-1944 | Elector | Francis | Panama | Central America | ||||
| MANGKHANEKHOUN Card. Louis-Marie Ling | 08-04-1944 | Elector | Francis | Laos | Asia | ||||
| LADARIA FERRER Card. Luis Francisco, S.I | 19-04-1944 | Elector | Francis | Spain | Europe | ||||
| OUELLET Card. Marc, P.S.S. | 08-06-1944 | Elector | St. John Paul II | Canada | North America | ||||
| O’MALLEY Card. Seán Patrick, O.F.M. Cap. | 29-06-1944 | Elector | Benedict XVI | United States of America | North America | ||||
| PENGO Card. Polycarp | 05-08-1944 | Elector | St. John Paul II | Tanzania | Africa | ||||
| PIACENZA Card. Mauro | 15-09-1944 | Elector | Benedict XVI | Italy | Europe | ||||
| RICARD Card. Jean-Pierre | 25-09-1944 | Elector | Benedict XVI | France | Europe | ||||
| PORRAS CARDOZO Card. Baltazar Enrique | 10-10-1944 | Elector | Francis | Venezuela | South America | ||||
| GRACIAS Card. Oswald | 24-12-1944 | Elector | Benedict XVI | India | Asia | ||||
| NJUE Card. John | 31-12-1944 | Elector | Benedict XVI | Kenya | Africa | ||||
| SCHÖNBORN Card. Christoph, O.P. | 22-01-1945 | Elector | St. John Paul II | Austria | Europe | ||||
| OUÉDRAOGO Card. Philippe Nakellentuba | 25-01-1945 | Elector | Francis | Burkina Faso | Africa | ||||
| VÉRGEZ ALZAGA Card. Fernando, L.C. | 01-03-1945 | Elector | Francis | Spain | Europe | ||||
| AÓS BRACO Card. Celestino, O.F.M. Cap. | 06-04-1945 | Elector | Francis | Chile | South America | ||||
| ALENCHERRY Card. George | 19-04-1945 | Elector | Benedict XVI | India | Asia | ||||
| OSORO SIERRA Card. Carlos | 16-05-1945 | Elector | Francis | Spain | Europe | ||||
| SARAH Card. Robert | 15-06-1945 | Elector | Benedict XVI | Guinea | Africa | ||||
| RYŁKO Card. Stanisław | 04-07-1945 | Elector | Benedict XVI | Poland | Europe | ||||
| COUTTS Card. Joseph | 21-07-1945 | Elector | Francis | Pakistan | Asia | ||||
| PULJIĆ Card. Vinko | 08-09-1945 | Elector | St. John Paul II | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Europe | ||||
| CAÑIZARES LLOVERA Card. Antonio | 15-10-1945 | Elector | Benedict XVI | Spain | Europe | ||||
| NICHOLS Card. Gerard Vincent | 08-11-1945 | Elector | Francis | Great Britain | Europe | ||||
| KUTWA Card. Jean-Pierre | 22-12-1945 | Elector | Francis | Ivory Coast | Africa | ||||
| ZENARI Card. Mario | 05-01-1946 | Elector | Francis | Italy | Europe | ||||
| FILONI Card. Fernando | 15-04-1946 | Elector | Benedict XVI | Italy | Europe | ||||
| OMELLA Card. Juan José | 21-04-1946 | Elector | Francis | Spain | Europe | ||||
| MONTENEGRO Card. Francesco | 22-05-1946 | Elector | Francis | Italy | Europe | ||||
| CZERNY Card. Michael, S.I. | 18-07-1946 | Elector | Francis | Canada | North America | ||||
| COLLINS Card. Thomas Christopher | 16-01-1947 | Elector | Benedict XVI | Canada | North America | ||||
| BETORI Card. Giuseppe | 25-02-1947 | Elector | Benedict XVI | Italy | Europe | ||||
| AVIZ Card. João Braz de | 24-04-1947 | Elector | Benedict XVI | Brazil | South America | ||||
| MARTO dos SANTOS Card. António Augusto | 05-05-1947 | Elector | Francis | Portugal | Europe | ||||
| DE KESEL Card. Jozef | 17-06-1947 | Elector | Francis | Belgium | Europe | ||||
| RAMAZZINI IMERI Card. Álvaro Leonel | 16-07-1947 | Elector | Francis | Guatemala | Central America | ||||
| FARRELL Card. Kevin Joseph | 02-09-1947 | Elector | Francis | United States of America | North America | ||||
| PATABENDIGE DON Card. Albert Malcolm Ranjith | 15-11-1947 | Elector | Benedict XVI | Sri Lanka | Asia | ||||
| POLI Card. Mario Aurelio | 29-11-1947 | Elector | Francis | Argentina | South America | ||||
| GREGORY Card. Wilton Daniel | 07-12-1947 | Elector | Francis | United States of America | North America | ||||
| SEMERARO Card. Marcello | 22-12-1947 | Elector | Francis | Italy | Europe | ||||
| MÜLLER Card. Gerhard Ludwig | 31-12-1947 | Elector | Francis | Germany | Europe | ||||
| DEW Card. John Atcherley | 05-05-1948 | Elector | Francis | New Zealand | Oceania | ||||
| BECCIU Card. Giovanni Angelo | 02-06-1948 | Non-Elector | Francis | Italy | Europe | ||||
| BURKE Card. Raymond Leo | 30-06-1948 | Elector | Benedict XVI | United States of America | North America | ||||
| SAKO Card. Louis Raphaël | 04-07-1948 | Elector | Francis | Iraq | Asia | ||||
| GARCÍA RODRÍGUEZ Card. Juan de la Caridad | 11-07-1948 | Elector | Francis | Cuba | Central America | ||||
| SOURAPHIEL Card. Berhaneyesus Demerew, C.M. | 14-07-1948 | Elector | Francis | Ethiopia | Africa | ||||
| CLEMENTE Card. Manuel | 16-07-1948 | Elector | Francis | Portugal | Europe | ||||
| PETROCCHI Card. Giuseppe | 19-08-1948 | Elector | Francis | Italy | Europe | ||||
| TURKSON Card. Peter Kodwo Appiah | 11-10-1948 | Elector | St. John Paul II | Ghana | Africa | ||||
| BO Card. Charles Maung, S.D.B. | 29-10-1948 | Elector | Francis | Myanmar | Asia | ||||
| ROBLES ORTEGA Card. Francisco | 02-03-1949 | Elector | Benedict XVI | Mexico | North America | ||||
| MAEDA Card. Thomas Aquino Manyo | 03-03-1949 | Elector | Francis | Giappone | Asia | ||||
| BRENES SOLÓRZANO Card. Leopoldo José | 07-03-1949 | Elector | Francis | Nicaragua | Central America | ||||
| CUPICH Card. Blase J. | 19-03-1949 | Elector | Francis | United States of America | North America | ||||
| BOZANIĆ Card. Josip | 20-03-1949 | Elector | St. John Paul II | Croatia | Europe | ||||
| DiNARDO Card. Daniel Nicholas | 23-05-1949 | Elector | Benedict XVI | United States of America | North America | ||||
| KOVITHAVANIJ Card. Francis Xavier Kriengsak | 27-06-1949 | Elector | Francis | Thailandia | Asia | ||||
| SCHERER Card. Odilo Pedro | 21-09-1949 | Elector | Benedict XVI | Brazil | South America | ||||
| ARBORELIUS Card. Anders, O.C.D., | 24-09-1949 | Elector | Francis | Sweden | Europe | ||||
| HARVEY Card. James Michael | 20-10-1949 | Elector | Benedict XVI | United States of America | North America | ||||
| FURTADO Card. Arlindo GOMES | 15-11-1949 | Elector | Francis | Cape Verde | Africa | ||||
| AGUIAR RETES Card. Carlos | 09-01-1950 | Elector | Francis | Mexico | North America | ||||
| NYCZ Card. Kazimierz | 01-02-1950 | Elector | Benedict XVI | Poland | Europe | ||||
| DOLAN Card. Timothy Michael | 06-02-1950 | Elector | Benedict XVI | United States of America | North America | ||||
| ROCHE Card. Arthur | 06-03-1950 | Elector | Francis | Great Britain | Europe | ||||
| KOCH Card. Kurt | 15-03-1950 | Elector | Benedict XVI | Switzerland | Europe | ||||
| TEMPESTA Card. Orani João, O.Cist. | 22-06-1950 | Elector | Francis | Brazil | South America | ||||
| SUHARYO HARDJOATMODJO Card. Ignatius | 09-07-1950 | Elector | Francis | Indonesia | Asia | ||||
| CANTONI Card. Oscar | 01-09-1950 | Elector | Francis | Italy | Europe | ||||
| BARBARIN Card. Philippe | 17-10-1950 | Elector | St. John Paul II | France | Europe | ||||
| STEINER Card. Leonardo Ulrich, O.F.M. | 06-11-1950 | Elector | Francis | Brazil | South America | ||||
| MARTÍNEZ FLORES Card. Adalberto | 08-07-1951 | Elector | Francis | Paraguay | South America | ||||
| YOU HEUNG-SIK Card. Lazzaro | 17-11-1951 | Elector | Francis | Korea | Asia | ||||
| MAMBERTI Card. Dominique | 07-03-1952 | Elector | Francis | France | Europe | ||||
| ADVINCULA Card. Jose Fuerte | 30-03-1952 | Elector | Francis | Philippines | Asia | ||||
| TOBIN Card. Joseph William, C.SS.R. | 03-05-1952 | Elector | Francis | United States of America | North America | ||||
| LÓPEZ ROMERO Card. Cristóbal, S.D.B. | 19-05-1952 | Elector | Francis | Marocco | Africa | ||||
| AYUSO GUIXOT Card. Miguel Ángel, M.C.C.J. | 17-06-1952 | Elector | Francis | Spain | Europe | ||||
| ERDŐ Card. Péter | 25-06-1952 | Elector | St. John Paul II | Hungary | Europe | ||||
| FERRÃO Card. Filipe Neri António Sebastião do Rosário | 20-01-1953 | Elector | Francis | India | Asia | ||||
| EIJK Card. Willem Jacobus | 22-06-1953 | Elector | Benedict XVI | Netherlands | Europe | ||||
| MARX Card. Reinhard | 21-09-1953 | Elector | Benedict XVI | Germany | Europe | ||||
| DE DONATIS Card. Angelo | 04-01-1954 | Elector | Francis | Italy | Europe | ||||
| McELROY Card. Robert Walter | 05-02-1954 | Elector | Francis | United States of America | North America | ||||
| TSARAHAZANA Card. Désiré | 13-06-1954 | Elector | Francis | Madagascar | Africa | ||||
| PAROLIN Card. Pietro | 17-01-1955 | Elector | Francis | Italy | Europe | ||||
| ZUPPI Card. Matteo Maria | 11-10-1955 | Elector | Francis | Italy | Europe | ||||
| WOELKI Card. Rainer Maria | 18-08-1956 | Elector | Benedict XVI | Germany | Europe | ||||
| RIBAT Card. John, M.S.C. | 09-02-1957 | Elector | Francis | Papua Nuova Guinea | Oceania | ||||
| GRECH Card. Mario | 20-02-1957 | Elector | Francis | Malta | Europe | ||||
| TAGLE Card. Luis Antonio Gokim | 21-06-1957 | Elector | Benedict XVI | Philippines | Asia | ||||
| GOH Card. William Seng Chye | 25-06-1957 | Elector | Francis | Singapore | Asia | ||||
| LACROIX Card. Gérald Cyprien | 27-07-1957 | Elector | Francis | Canada | North America | ||||
| HOLLERICH Card. Jean-Claude, S.I. | 09-08-1958 | Elector | Francis | Luxembourg | Europe | ||||
| KAMBANDA Card. Antoine | 10-11-1958 | Elector | Francis | Rwanda | Africa | ||||
| LANGLOIS Card. Chibly | 29-11-1958 | Elector | Francis | Haiti | Central America | ||||
| AVELINE Card. Jean-Marc | 26-12-1958 | Elector | Francis | France | Europe | ||||
| THOTTUNKAL Card. Baselios Cleemis | 15-06-1959 | Elector | Benedict XVI | India | Asia | ||||
| STURLA BERHOUET Card. Daniel Fernando, S.D.B. | 04-07-1959 | Elector | Francis | Uruguay | South America | ||||
| ROCHA Card. Sérgio da | 21-10-1959 | Elector | Francis | Brazil | South America | ||||
| AMBONGO BESUNGU_Card. Fridolin, O.F.M. Cap. | 24-01-1960 | Elector | Francis | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Africa | ||||
| POOLA Card. Anthony | 15-11-1961 | Elector | Francis | India | Asia | ||||
| MAFI Card. Soane Patita Paini | 19-12-1961 | Elector | Francis | Tonga | Oceania | ||||
| OKPALEKE Card. Peter Ebere | 01-03-1963 | Elector | Francis | Nigeria | Africa | ||||
| KRAJEWSKI Card. Konrad | 25-11-1963 | Elector | Francis | Poland | Europe | ||||
| LOJUDICE Card. Augusto Paolo | 01-07-1964 | Elector | Francis | Italy | Europe | ||||
| GAMBETTI Card. Mauro, O.F.M. Conv. | 27-10-1965 | Elector | Francis | Italy | Europe | ||||
| MENDONÇA Card. José Tolentino de | 15-12-1965 | Elector | Francis | Portugal | Europe | ||||
| NZAPALAINGA Card. Dieudonné | 14-03-1967 | Elector | Francis | Central African Republic | Africa | ||||
| COSTA Card. Paulo Ceza | 20-07-1967 | Elector | Francis | Brazil | South America | ||||
| DO CARMO DA SILVA Card. Virgilio, S.D.B. | 27-11-1967 | Elector | Francis | East Timor | Asia | ||||
| MARENGO Card. Giorgio, I.M.C. | 07-06-1974 | Elector | Francis | Mongolia | Asia | ||||
Total: 222
Why Salman Rushdie’s ‘The Satanic Verses’ remains so controversial decades after its publication
Author Salman Rushdie is in the hospital with serious injuries after being stabbed by a man at an arts festival in New York State on Aug. 12, 2022. The following article was published on the 30th anniversary of the release of The Satanic Verses.
One of the most controversial books in recent literary history, Salman Rushdie’s “The Satanic Verses,” was published three decades ago this month and almost immediately set off angry demonstrations all over the world, some of them violent.
A year later, in 1989, Iran’s supreme leader, the Ayatollah Khomeini, issued a fatwa, or religious ruling, ordering Muslims to kill the author. Born in India to a Muslim family, but by then a British citizen living in the U.K., Rushdie was forced to go into protective hiding for the greater part of a decade.
What was – and still is – behind this outrage?
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The controversy
The book, “Satanic Verses,” goes to the heart of Muslim religious beliefs when Rushdie, in dream sequences, challenges and sometimes seems to mock some of its most sensitive tenets.
Muslims believe that the Prophet Muhammed was visited by the angel Gibreel – Gabriel in English – who, over a 22 year period, recited God’s words to him. In turn, Muhammed repeated the words to his followers. These words were eventually written down and became the verses and chapters of the Quran.
Would we be better off without religion?
Reza Aslan and Lawrence Krauss debate whether religion is inherently violent, and if science and faith can coexist.
Is religion a force of good or evil? A controversial question at times, but one that can’t be avoided in the modern world. From violence and terror, to gender equality, to science, reason, and education – the faithful and the faithless tend to repeatedly clash over whether religion is a net positive or negative, whether it helps humanity more than it hurts it. Tiếp tục đọc “Would we be better off without religion?”
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