Thẻ: Gender

Sex Inequalities in Medical Research: A Systematic Scoping Review of the Literature

~ Đào Thu Hằng ~ Bình luận về bài viết này

National Library of Medicine

Lea Merone 1,*, Komla Tsey 1, Darren Russell 1,2, Cate Nagle 1

Abstract

Background: Historically, medical studies have excluded female participants and research data have been collected from males and generalized to females. The gender gap in medical research, alongside overarching misogyny, results in real-life disadvantages for female patients. This systematic scoping review of the literature aims to determine the extent of research into the medical research sex and gender gap and to assess the extent of misogyny, if any, in modern medical research.

Methods: Initial literature searches were conducted using PubMed, Science Direct, PsychINFO and Google Scholar. Articles published between January 01, 2009, and December 31, 2019, were included. An article was deemed to display misogyny if it discussed the female aesthetic in terms of health, but did not measure health or could not be utilized to improve clinical practice.

Results: Of the 17 included articles, 12 examined the gender gap in medical research and 5 demonstrated misogyny, assessing female attractiveness for alleged medical reasons. Females remain broadly under-represented in the medical literature, sex and gender are poorly reported and inadequately analyzed in research, and misogynistic perceptions continue to permeate the narrative.

Conclusion: The gender gap and misogynistic studies remain present in the contemporary medical literature. Reasons and implications for practice are discussed.

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The deadly truth about a world built for men – from stab vests to car crashes

~ Đào Thu Hằng ~ Bình luận về bài viết này

theguardian.com

Crash-test dummies based on the ‘average’ male are just one example of design that forgets about women – and puts lives at risk

Caroline Criado PerezSat 23 Feb 2019 08.59 GMTShare822

When broadcaster Sandi Toksvig was studying anthropology at university, one of her female professors held up a photograph of an antler bone with 28 markings on it. “This,” said the professor, “is alleged to be man’s first attempt at a calendar.” Toksvig and her fellow students looked at the bone in admiration. “Tell me,” the professor continued, “what man needs to know when 28 days have passed? I suspect that this is woman’s first attempt at a calendar.”

Women have always tracked their periods. We’ve had to. Since 2015, I’ve been reliant on a period tracker app, which reassures me that there’s a reason I’m welling up just thinking about Andy Murray’s “casual feminism”. And then there’s the issue of the period itself: when you will be bleeding for up to seven days every month, it’s useful to know more or less when those seven days are going to take place. Every woman knows this, and Toksvig’s experience is a neat example of the difference a female perspective can make, even to issues that seem entirely unrelated to gender.

https://c10ee22859bf38911fb82754a3076f7f.safeframe.googlesyndication.com/safeframe/1-0-40/html/container.html

For most of human history, though, that perspective has not been recorded. Going back to the theory of Man the Hunter, the lives of men have been taken to represent those of humans overall. When it comes to the other half of humanity, there is often nothing but silence. And these silences are everywhere. Films, news, literature, science, city planning, economics, the stories we tell ourselves about our past, present and future, are all marked – disfigured – by a female-shaped “absent presence”. This is the gender data gap.

These silences, these gaps, have consequences. They impact on women’s lives, every day. The impact can be relatively minor – struggling to reach a top shelf set at a male height norm, for example. Irritating, certainly. But not life-threatening. Not like crashing in a car whose safety tests don’t account for women’s measurements. Not like dying from a stab wound because your police body armour doesn’t fit you properly. For these women, the consequences of living in a world built around male data can be deadly.

The gender data gap is both a cause and a consequence of the type of unthinking that conceives of humanity as almost exclusively male. In the 1956 musical My Fair Lady, phoneticist Henry Higgins is baffled when, after enduring months of his hectoring put-downs, his protege-cum-victim Eliza Doolittle finally bites back. “Why can’t a woman be more like a man?” he grumbles.

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Phân biệt hai từ Giới (Gender) và Giới tính (Sex)

~ Đào Thu Hằng ~ Bình luận về bài viết này

English: What Is The Difference Between “Gender” And “Sex”?

*Để tránh nhầm lẫn, trong bài dưới đây từ Gender được dịch là Giới và từ Sex là Giới tính

Khi hai từ có cùng một nghĩa, chúng ta gọi chúng là từ đồng nghĩa. Khi hai từ có nghĩa khác nhau nhưng lại được sử dụng thay thế cho nhau, thì ta cần tìm hiểu về ý nghĩa thực của những từ đó.

Lấy ví dụ về hai từ Giới – Gender và Giới tính – Sex. Trong khi nhiều người thường dùng hai từ này thay thế cho nhau, nhưng ý nghĩa và cách sử dụng của hai từ lại khác biệt đáng kể và do đó là rất khác nhau. Bởi vì chúng ta thường nói về con người khi sử dụng những thuật ngữ này, vậy nên điều cốt yếu là chúng ta hiểu được nghĩa đúng của các từ khi dùng để tôn trọng người mà ta nói đến

Từ sex có nghĩa là gì? Tiếp tục đọc “Phân biệt hai từ Giới (Gender) và Giới tính (Sex)” →